HNK Rijeka's century-long history mirrors the turbulent story of the city itself. Founded in 1906 as Club Sportivo Olimpia, the club changed its name with every change of power over Rijeka: to US Fiumana in 1926 under pressure from the Italian fascist regime, and in 1946, under Yugoslav military administration, to SD Kvarner, before finally taking the name NK Rijeka once the city was formally incorporated into Yugoslavia. Since 1992, when Croatia's independent league was established, the club has been one of only four never relegated from it.
The defining moment of the club's modern history came in the 2016/17 season, when the team led by Matjaž Kek sensationally won its first double — the league title and the Croatian Cup — ending Dinamo Zagreb's eleven-year domestic dominance. Rijeka repeated that feat in the 2024/25 season.
In the summer of 2025 the club joined the global network of Black Knight Football Club, owned by American billionaire Bill Foley, whose portfolio also includes England's Bournemouth. The team plays its home matches at Stadion Rujevica.